Wednesday, October 30, 2019
Geological Society of America Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Geological Society of America - Assignment Example The presence of these plates can be confirmed by the appearance of oceanic trenches when these plates sink beneath one another. These trenches can run for hundreds of miles. Another evidence of their existence and activity is the formation of ridges where these plates pull apart. Transform faults also form where the tectonic plates slide to opposite sides of each other (Eckel, 1982). The movement of plates was used to settle the debate on how the island arcs, both continental and oceanic, form. Island arcs form where oceanic and continental, oceanic or transitional plates sink beneath each other. The past decades saw the geoscience community reject research and theories on the formation of island arcs based on the tectonic plates. To add to this conflict, there was conflicting continent formation theories based on tectonic plates. One considered seafloor-spreading while the other was in favor of pieces of continents afloat dense oceanic
Monday, October 28, 2019
Assessment of the Extent by which the Introduction of Euro Essay Example for Free
Assessment of the Extent by which the Introduction of Euro Essay January 1, 1999 was a memorable date for eleven European Countries as this became the official date that they have come to adopt the Euro as their official currency. All eleven countries would undergo changes in their systems especially the currencies by which they would adopt an official exchange rate that would govern their circulation. The new currency would begin circulation in their respective countries and would then accommodate the transactions that would result from international trade with their allied countries. Allied countries are the countries belonging to the European Trade Union. They are bound by the cause of establishing their economies worldwide as a major economy like the US. Little by little, the currencies mark, guilder, punt, and franc ceased to exist. It was in January of 2002 that all of the twelve countries have fully applied the transition from their native currencies to the new currency. See more: how to start an essay about yourself for college            From its initial release, fears sprang forth from the population, especially that of the market. First would be the inflation. It occurred to the people that the conversion of their old currency versus the Euro might be affected by the factor of inflation. They feared that the inflation would also result in the weakening of their respective economies and added burden to the population. Second fear would be that the delivery of the new currencies in banks might rouse plans of robberies and would then fail the government’s plan of replacing their old currency. Another fear of the people would be the replacing of the currencies may not be accepted by their own people. The currency have long been a symbol of a countries identity and pride that it might be a futile attempt to replace it with a new currency that involves other countries and would therefore be an extinct example of national pride. Furthermore, the rate of inflation would greatly affect a country’s exchange of the old currency to the new currency. The greater the inflation would result lower amounts of Euro that a country would get. Second, for a standardization of emerging currencies would mean that banks need to be equipped with the currency in order for them to accommodate the exchange that the population would demand. In the process of transportation of the currency, there may be a possibility of occurrence a robbery by which the banks may not be able to receive the currencies needed for the exchange by the population. This would result to inflation since the central bank would have to produce more money than the actual measure of its resources that we all know contributes to the factor of inflation. And lastly, the general acceptance of the public of the currency is a very important factor since this would affect the overall trade and economy of the country. Since the currency is generally viewed as a country’s identity, it can be predicted that the country would not accept the new currency that would be a medium of exchange between its allies, losing its won country’s identity in the process. However, the results were of the opposite as each country’s people accepted the currency as they believed that the currency may be the answer to their economic problems.            These fears proved to be of no basis as people readily accepted the new policy for their new currency. This was somehow given a negative vibe as it looked liked their countrymen easily gave up a symbol national pride. But this was also explained thru economics. Money is still money; thus it was used as something that would provide you with needs such as food, clothing and other necessities. It became evident then that the introduced currency was preferred by the greater number.            The new currency also brought about quite a good side of the economy. Gains were scattered here and there as transaction costs have fallen. This was explained that the conversion costs were stripped by the conversion of the twelve countries monetary units. It became easier to transact with other countries with the use of the Euro. It also brought about the completion of the European Monetary Union. With this, the member countries would expect bigger gains in their growth and steady in the international market. Before the union was established, barriers remain to be visible as banks still charge higher rates in inter-territorial transactions. With this barrier, domestic transactions would be preferred by the people. With this new monetary policy, barriers have disappeared and transaction costs have been made uniform throughout the countries of its members.            The framework of the union remains complete and no finance ministry of the member countries wanted to be in charge of the said framework, especially that of the finance and fiscal part. The said framework is the framework by which the European Union has agreed to be the guidelines of the system of the implementation for the new currency Euro. Before a specific change would occur that involves a country’s economy, frameworks are done to study the effects that would be associated with the change. Although this is the case, the change in the currency may be the catalyst for change in the member countries target reforms. The said framework is the framework by which the European Union has agreed to be the guidelines of the system of the implementation for the new currency Euro. Before a specific change would occur that involves a country’s economy, frameworks are done to study the effects that would be associated with the change. The target reforms are those reforms in which the countries have conceived for their countries. These reforms are in connection to the change in the currency, but are not discussed with the European Union. Since these topics are different from those of the other member countries, they do not discuss this in the meetings of the currency change since the best interest of the European Union is a major economic change in their region, and not only of specific countries. With this, the countries would begin the change in economic policies that would jumpstart economies in synchronization with the change in currency. Differences in taxation would arise as it would be under observation of each country’s finance ministry. With this, the union would want to target standardization of taxes. This would greatly help the export and import sector as the countries would then be forced to standardize the taxes and tariffs on the goods that they ship. Integration would also be achieved as the basic unit of currency for all members would be that of the Euro. The last good thing brought about by the establishment of the Euro as currency is that the member countries found a way to reform other sectors and even bring the other countries closer to them. Other sectors that do not flourish because of the exchange rate begin to be of better state when the change occurred. Furthermore, the countries that benefited from the change in currency, especially that of the countries that have the abovementioned sectors, got closer in hopes of making the other sectors that are connected to the aforementioned sectors. For example, the agriculture sector was jumpstarted, so the other countries would begin to have major ties with other member countries that have sectors that benefit from agriculture like beverage industries and the like. The result would be less taxes and tariffs in exchange for other advantageous measures for the agricultural country. This also enabled them to make new systems that would be for the benefit not only of one country but all of them. They also found out that different policies can be made as one and this paved way for the making of new policies that may be all-encompassing in their point of views.      Although this may be the case we should still take a closer look in the effects of the establishment of the Euro as the new monetary value for the European Union. Things that we would use in this analysis would be that of the Absorption Model: Using Absorption Model to explain the effect of devaluation on national income, employment effect, trade effect, real balance effect, income redistribution effect, money illusion effect, expectation effect,Laursen-Metzler effect, and so on; Mundell-Fleming Model and explain the graph both internal and external aspects; Analysis of the stability of foreign exchange market, and elasticity approach to balance of payment according to Marshall-Lerner Condition; and finally Foreign exchange risk (foreign currency)for importers, exporters, and investors.   To start of, we have to explain the different measures that we have to use. The Absorption Model or Approach makes use of the balance of payments and exchange rate as the factors or determinants in the measure of the real domestic income of a nation. This approach treats prices as the constants, making the other factors as real measures. A nation’s real income may be measured as the sum of the government’s expenditures, consumption, investments and exports.              The Mundell-Fleming Model states that an increase in the money supply would lower domestic interest rates than that of the global rate. Essentially, the Euro is in effect in the export/import markets that would be in relation to the country’s overall economy because of the exchange rates that would be in effect of a country’s money supply. Net export would then increase as local goods would become cheaper than that of the imported goods. Consequently, imports would then decrease as demand would decrease, in turn, exports also increase to meet the demand of higher exports. An increase in the net exports would force the Investment/Savings towards the level of the global interest rate. This equalizer increases the income of the economy of the country. In this case, as the union moved to change its currency, the money supply increased to accommodate the public in the changing of currencies. As this adjustment takes place, the effect of the supply made a change in the export market as the demand for exports and imports changed. The increase in the net export in the end, gave the country an increase in its income.    The Foreign Exchange Risk would also be taken into account as this involves the probability that an investor, exporter or importer would earn; how much they would ear, and if they would lose. This gains or losses are commonly related to the exchange rates of the two countries involved in the transaction. This also shows whether a country has a weaker currency compared to another. By this, we would be able to show if the establishment of the new currency eliminates this factors as this factors are also related to the barriers of trade between the member countries.  Meanwhile, the Lauren-Metzler effect determines the effect of savings and net exports and consequently, in the purchasing power due to a favorable terms-of-trade shock in the improvement in real income. This draws our attention to the state of the economy in exports and imports with respect to its exchange rate.         The Marshall-Lerner Condition explains that a devaluation in the currency leads a positive effect in the trades as it increases the demand for exports, giving the country more real income. This lays out the positive effect of the devaluation of the Euro currency at first and how it affected the economy of the member countries.  Finally, with all these factors mentioned, how did it affect the member countries generally? What are the aspects of the Euro-member countries that have improved thru the establishment of the new currency, Euro, into their respective economies? Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â à ‚                          We start off the analysis with the discussion of the effects. The Mundell-Fleming Model states that an increase in the money supply would lower domestic interest rates than that of the global rate. The money supply is the black line denoted in the figure above, while the red line denotes the interest rate. The movement in the money supply curve towards the right decreases the interest rate since it does not shift. The shift would occur as the interest rate moves to an equilibrium.      With the same effect in the graph of net exports and imports, the figure above agrees with the first figure on the effect of the money supply. Net export would then increase as local goods would become cheaper than that of the imported goods. Consequently, imports would then decrease as demand would decrease, in turn, exports also increase to meet the demand of higher exports. An increase in the net exports would force the Investment/Savings towards the level of the global interest rate. This equalizer increases the income of the economy of the country. In this case, as the union moved to change its currency, the money supply increased to accommodate the public in the changing of currencies. As this adjustment takes place, the effect of the supply mad a change in the export market as the demand for exports and imports changed. The increase in the net export in the end, gave the country an increase in its income.      Meanwhile, the change in government expenditure caused an increase in the local interest rate that caused the currency to be stronger than other foreign currencies. This may be the effect that happened to the member countries as they have decreased the foreign currencies (member countries having the same currency) and by this strengthened their currencies against the US dollar. This however, increases the net import and net export decreases. The increase would also trigger the global interest to equalize with the local interest.       On the side of the global interest rate, however, since the net export increased, this prompted a slight weakening of the Euro but also increased exports, making the Euro available to the world market. An increase of the net export would weaken the Euro since the exchange rate would then be fixed with other countries. This would be comparable to making domestic shipments that would neither benefit nor harm a country’s economy. At the same time, since the Euro has become their medium of exchange then the currency would be available to the market as this would be exchanged in the world market. Availability of the currency would ensure circulation in the world market, employing the stabilization of the currency in the world market. As the Euro weakened, exports flowed out of the country and this in effect increased the net income of the member countries. However, as the local interest rate closed in on the global interest rate. The global interest rate affects the currencies indirectly by affecting a country’s income through the import/export market. The Euro seemed to strengthen and this somehow stabilized the new currency. Elasticities are the rate of reaction by which a good undergoes whenever a change in demand occurs. The next model would explain the effect of the Euro in the demand and the reaction of the goods with the new currency available. In the Elasticities Approach, the Euro countries were forced to make the demand and supplies elastic in order for them to have a smaller depreciation in their current accounts deficit. By doing this, they begin to slowly, recover the current accounts deficit and eventually overcome it. With this situation, elasticities would then be slowly changed. As the global interest rates’ effects as shown by the previous models, the effect of it in the real income made the change in the elasticities possible. Thus:           The effects on the savings of the real income and savings of each country may be further explained by now. Since the increase in savings and net exports was explained through the change in the level of the global interest rates, the improvement in real income is then realized through the increase in the purchasing power of exports. This then proved to be of positive effects on the member countries as this somehow, improved the real income in the economies of the member countries. Lauren-Metzler Model in simple representation. The Lauren-Metzler Model can be further explained by the rate of change not only in export-import industry but also that of the effect of these changes in the exchange rates. As the exchange rates between member companies remain constant because of the uniformality of their currency what would transpire is the difference in the currency between the member-countries and its export-import industry and the exchange rate. Since an increase in the export can be viewed as an indication of a weaker currency, this also indicates that the real income of the country experiencing the export growth is on the rise. This would eventually be accompanied by the strengthening of its currency as the end product. At the same time, the demand of the member-countries import market tends to be on the lower level as their currency seemed to be of the weaker quality. The positive effect on this however is that this picture encouraged the internal flow of the currency until the supply of imports and demand equalizes in equilibrium. When the time approached however, the Euro appeared to be of better quality with respect to the change in its real income and the real income of other countries that are members of the European Union. With these factors in mind, we shift our sights into what happened in the exchange rates. The Exchange rates of the Euro seemed to be on the decrease at first because of the lower currency as compared to others but eventually proved that it would only be momentary as the real income boosted the exchange rate, eventually ending up higher than the US dollar at a certain time. This, together with the positive effects on the import-export market made much difference, not only to the emerging currency but also to the emerging union’s countries’ economies. The emerging union’s countries are the countries that are members of the European Trade Union that has the highest upward boost of the economies. Since not all of the countries had a very high boost, the most significant boosts came from these countries. Significance would differ from each perspective. In more simple terms, the effect of the lower currency (Euro was weak at first) was the improvement of the export market. But since the income effect boosted the currency as it is also a factor of the economy of a country, then combining it with the positive effects of the Euro’s strengthening, the countries that use Euro become boosted and improve their Economies. And since the Economy of the countries rose at an improved rate, the currency got boosted in the same way that the economies of member countries raised.   With the price on the y-axis and the x-axis denoting that of the quantity, the fall of the currency at first with respect to the rise in the export rate, implied a shift in the curve of the currency (red curve) to the right, denoting that in the long run, an export rate rise would result to a strong currency. The fall of the currency at first would be only due to the exchange rate and floatation costs.   In the Absorption Approach, the balance of payments and exchange rates is examined to the effects of it in the measure of the real income of a nation. The Absorption Approach is significant since this measures the balance of payments and exchange rates and how these affect the real income of a country. The two factors considered are said to be the considering factors in the since the effects considered are those that are in relationship to the income and economy. If the real income improves faster than that of the absorption, then the currency would rise. This may be the effect as the Euro strengthened in the first quarter of 2002, giving their value higher than the stable US dollar. The effects of the devaluation of the currency on national income seemed to be on the positive side as this increased their net exports, therefore giving them an improved real income for the economy. The employment then rose as an effect of the economy’s improvement of real income. This was enabled as the countries to attract more investors, creating job opportunities for their people. The overall employment effect on the member countries followed to a positive tune. Real balance increased as it accompanies the effect of real income. An increase in real income increases the real balance of the economy. This is essential to the analysis because this enables us to see the investing potential and the financial capability by which the country could bear itself.(Flood, 2006) The specific question to be asked: how does the country fare with its neighboring countries’ economies in their real balances? This is very important as this may measure the stability of the country especially in the eyes of potential investors that may think of putting up businesses and other ventures in the European Countries. Basic supply and demand in the Trade Effect Basic y-axis of price and x-axis denoted by quantity, the shift in the supply curve was due to the invisible hand of the law of supply and demand. Trade effect also became evident as the laws of supply and demand are constantly in the work. The increase in the quantity demanded ensured the right path of the trade effect to the plans of the European Union. This enabled them to exercise the free-trade among its co-members. This also enforced the Euro consequently as it continued to circulate non-stop among the member countries. This also ensured that not only is the market gaining in stocks, it also ensured a strong currency that may be strengthening in the future.   The money illusion decreased as the negative views in unemployment and inflation subside. The unemployment rates subside creating a hole in which they could throw the unemployment problem and bury it there. The inflation was treated the same way as neighboring countries would also experience the same way as they also have the same currency as the country they have. The money illusion is essential in explaining the other rise in the economy including the abovementioned factor of unemployment and inflation. To reinforce this, the money illusion would have to decrease as this affects the unemployment by reinforcement. A decrease would also mean that the unemployment rate is decreasing, which is a measure of a country’s economy. The unity of the currency forged the singleness of mind that was needed to erase the doubts governed by the unemployment and inflation.             The expectation effect of these occurrences may result to the expectance of more Nash equilibriums, where everyone would be on a stable state. The Nash equilibrium employed in this part deals with the output and expenditure ratio. The more that a government puts input should generate a proportional output; in this case, income. As the reliance of the people on the currency grows and their reliance towards the stability of the currency, they would come to terms that they have indeed been placed in good fortunes. This would lead to the stability of the minds of employees, and in turn to the investor that made the investment or business. The stability of minds would be the likelihood that an employee would remain in the job rather than find their jobs elsewhere. This occurs when the currency of a country remains weak despite the efforts of the workforce to bring it on a development. With these effects in hand, it became evident that the emergence of the Euro has been a good sign for the economy and even looked better in the eyes of the common people as they have been provided work and salary, and even the pride of having their currency among the top as one of the most stable.      13.         The Marshall-Lerner Condition further enforced that the decrease in the value of the Euro at first improved the real income of each member. The effect of the devaluation increased their exports, raking in income more then before. As a currency gets weak, demands of good from the country with the weak currency increases. The goods react spontaneously, or elasticly. The rise in demand raises the price of its goods and with this; the rise in income is justified. The chain effect would be the strengthening of a nation’s economy, ending up with currency stability. After which, as the currency begins to regain the strength, the exports would decrease as importers from other countries realize that the price of goods increased, decreasing their profits. However, the export industry of the host country is unharmed as other European member nations see this as an opportunity to increase their imports from the country with the same currency as them, increasing demands for export from the country in question. With this, the export and import market stabilized. This effect not only increased the income of the exporters, but the economy as well. The short-run effect of the condition is further shown as the currency approached its strengthening thru the increase of real income, the export then decreased. Furthermore, the law of demand states that, a decrease in the price of a commodity, then an increase in demand would be evident; an increase in price however would put the demand down until equilibrium happens. In this case, the price of exports decreases, paving way for the increase in the exports and consequent rise in the country’s income. This would also be affected by the consequent taking place of the equilibrium that would happen as the supply would be able to meet the demand, giving the market an equilibrium quantity.  As there were shifts in the part of the supply (black) and demand (red) curves, the equilibrium price of commodities would also make a change. The price line is the broken lines with the color blue. Taking in mind that the y-axis would be the price and the x-axis is the quantity, the decrease in demand, coupled with the increase in supply, not only decreased price but also made the equilibrium quantity lower than before.               One of the places that the change showed great effects would be that of the financial markets, the bonds/stock market being the main targets. Main issues have risen that the European stock and bonds are very much volatile. This proved that the policy makers of the European Union have set their eyes in the processes towards the financial integration of its members. This started off with the introduction of the new currency. The release of the new currency was seen as one of the initiatives made by the Union to integrate the financial aspects of each. It looked like a very good move on their part as real income of the member countries went on a rise during the initial stages of the developments. The effect of the large demand for the stocks and bonds from the European Union and its sudden drop is something out of the ordinary for other countries. It seemed like they failed to account for the strength of the member countries and their foresight on financial market as they were surprised with the sudden rise in this new commodity. We therefore have to take an even closer look at the effects at the financial markets.         Before the emergence of the Euro, aggregate European Bonds, mainly caused by own bond market effects and that of the aggregate effects of European Bonds, made significant effects on the conditional variances, as this reflects unexpected returns. In addition to that, US bond and stock markets represents a fairly large space in the market. However, after the Euro was made to be a reality, the US markets only became second-runners after that of the European Union.(McCreevy, 2006) This also caused a decrease in the effect of their own bond markets and it’s not just a decrease but a dramatic decrease in their part.     Also before the Euro emergence, a significant volatility spillover is present in the US bond markets. But after the Euro emerged, it seemed like a dream come true for the European countries as the spillover have changed. Not only was the European Bond become in demand in the market but it also proved to be of commanding force in the Stock Market. After the emergence of the As mentioned earlier, the US was just second then to the European Bonds and Stocks. This happened in 2003.(2004) In the introduction of European Bonds and Securities in 1999, it has successfully grown from 9% to 14% shares. Also in 2003, Euro’s currency in international bank notes has overtaken US’s 40.5 and emerged with a 43.5.( as a percentage of outstanding volume totaling to 100) This was further reinforced by the fact that before the emergence of the Union’s own stocks, the US commands the market. However, that all changed with the appearance of the European Bonds, giving the US market someone to contend with in terms of leadership in the market.   The financial market offered many effects in various submarkets. The capital market, for one, tries to keep the inflation in check this past days.(Dennis, 2006) It seems that the first effects were very good that they didn’t seem to think the effect on their capital market would be these troublesome. On the other hand, the equities market is also suffering as the inflation kicks in on their prices. It seemed they cannot cope with the inflation that continues to rise. However, in the place of Currencies, the Eurozone countries may be in a winning mood as they continue to outpace the US by their good growth.(Atkins, 2006) The bonds market is also sharing some suffering although not that evident. What the bonds market shows ,however, is a positive outlook in the future as it slowly goes for a good turn. The commodities market is also suffering a loss as they import more oil. This is not a very good sign for the Euro as oil is a very important commodity. However, this is just as normal as everyone else, says analysts.(Chisholm, 2006)              The overall effects of these economic theories have been equally represented and analyzed, what then remained is the effect in the foreign exchange market. The foreign exchange found that the weak-at-first currency strengthened as the economic forces turned into their works. The Euro eventually found its way to the top and eventually became one of the top currencies in the foreign exchange. The Euro is now currently viewed as one of the â€Å"high†currencies and is even viewed in the market as one of the stable s, aligning itself to the dollar and yen. Market analysts view the currency as one of the top as it tends to appreciate more than devaluate.     The GDP and the GNP of the Euro countries are suffering on a low this 2006 and it was issued as a great challenge for the European Union to make policies that may prevent this.(Flood, 2006) This was stressed out earlier in the elasticities effect and the absorption approach. This may be overcome in many ways possible but it would be for the policymakers to do. The PPP and the PFI was sought for improvement of the economy and as of the plans in 2002(2002), few were impressed by the effect of the Euro on these. However, as 2006 draws to a close in December, it would be wise for the policymakers to rethink their strategies.        The sudden emergence of the new currency, Euro, was such a surprise that the market adjusted drastically. This proved to be of good sign for the members of the European Union as this eventually lead to the leadership of the stock markets and bond markets abroad. This also lead to the development of their own countries as far as the union is concerned. More businesses have been established, more investors expressing interest in putting up enterprises in the European Union’s member countries, perspective buyers in the financial markets looking for more of bonds and stock belonging to the Union, and even the population of the European Union expressing relief that after the Great Depression, there appeared a silver lining that would express hope for their economies.           Furthermore, the effect on the financial market is good as it removed the exchange rate risk involved in the international trade. Exchange rate risk was great before since the countries of the union have different currencies. However, with the emergence of the Euro, investors can now remove the exchange rate risk in their concerns since this is not present anymore. Countries of the Union can now trade with each other without having to think of the floatation risks that involve the exchange rate risk. The removal of this factor was about the same time that the changeover was made in 2002. (2001)    The smart move of the European union may be brought about by the good planning of the financial ministries that governed them. The taking advantage of the lower currency at first to increase their real income, the lowering of its local interest seemed to be a well-planned way to be at par with a superpower such as the US. Now that they have the upperhand in the stock and bonds market, economists wonder on what else is next on the agenda of the European Union, now that they have proven to the world that their combined currency would mobilize and command stability in their areas. This also seemed a good bragging right to their decision making skills as more of the European Countries seek membership to the Union. With this in their worksheets, they can again make another policy that would again prove to be of great importance to the history of World Economics.        The replacement of the currencies by the Euro may have been a smart move after all. It didn’t look that bad and it never looked like throwing out of national sympathies eventually. But thus, it looked like a well-orchestrated plan of the European Union to gain access to the top echelons of the world market. Now that they have gained access, it seemed like there would be no stopping the union in toppling the US as an economic superpower and industrial zone. Now that the other members are continuing their development, and not just by the numbers, but on exponential terms, there might be bright things to look forward to in the years to come. BIBLIOGRAPHIES Antweiler, W. 2001. The Euro: Europe’s New Currency. PACIFIC Exchange Rate Service. Retrieved November 5, 2006. (http://fx.sauder.ubc.ca/euro/) Bloomberg, L. P. 2006. 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R. 2001. International Trade and National Factor Markets. National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved November 5, 2006. (http://www.nber.org/reporter/winter01/davis.html) Duisenberg, W. 2002. Assessment of the euro cash changeover and the ECB view on recent monetary and economic developments. Keynote address at New Years reception of the International Club of Economic Journalists, Frankfurt. Retrieved November 4, 2006. (http://www.bis.org/review/r020117c.pdf#search=assessment%20of%20the%20Euro) European Central Bank.2001. ENVISAGED SCENARIOS OF THE EURO AREA FOR THE 2002 CASH CHANGEOVER. Retrieved November 4, 2006. (http://www.euro.ecb.int/en/section1/timetable.GeneralPar.0028.filelinkFile.download/en1201sc.pdf) Feri, F. 2002. Information, Social Mobility and the Demand for Redistribution. Università Cà Foscari Venezia. Retrieved November 4, 2006. (http://www.nyu.edu/sed2002/pdfs/id2-2-txt.pdf#search=income%20redistribution%20effect) Fleur-de-coin. The new european currency. Retrieved November 5, 2006. (http://www.fleur-de-coin.com/articles/euro.asp?sec=3) Guardian Unlimited. 2003. Full text: the euro assessment. Statement by the chancellor on UK membership of the single currency. Retrieved November 5, 2006. (http://politics.guardian.co.uk/euro/story/0,9061,973967,00.html) Ipsen, E. 1994. Rebound in Stock Markets Heartens European Traders. International Herald Tribune. Retrieved November 4, 2006. (http://www.iht.com/articles/1994/07/14/emart.php)  Lecture Notes in Economics and Trade Balance . Real Exchange Rates and the Trade Balance. .American University. Retrieved November 4, 2006. (www.american.edu/econ/notes/tradebal.pdf)  Matejka, H.2002. The Euro success and its significance. Louis Gerber. Retrieved November 4, 2006. (http://www.cosmopolis.ch/english/cosmo25/euro_significance.htm) Obstfeld, M., 2000. International Macroeconomics: Beyond the Mundell-Fleming Model. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved November 5, 2006. (http://emlab.berkeley.edu/users/obstfeld/ftp/mundell-fleming/mundell-fleming.pdf#search=MundellFleming%20Model) Obringer, L. A. 2006. How the Euro Works. Howstuffworks. Retrieved November 4, 2006(http://money.howstuffworks.com/euro.htm) Parke, W. R. .2002. The Mundell-Fleming Model. EconModel. Retrieved November 5, 2006. (http://www.econmodel.com/classic/mf.htm)  The Euro’s History. Providence College. Rhode Island. Retrieved November 4, 2006. (http://www.providence.edu/polisci/students/euro/history.htm) The European Union. The Euro: Our Currency. Retrieved November 4, 2006. (http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/our_currency_en.htm) The Gallup Organization. Introduction of the Euro in the New Member States. EuroBarometer. Retrieved November 4, 2006.   (http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/flash/fl183_en.pdf#search=introduction%20of%20the%20euro) (2001) ENVISAGED SCENARIOS OF THE EURO AREA FOR THE 2002 CASH CHANGEOVER. European Central Bank. (2002) Pre-Budget speech 2002. Financial Times Ltd. ATKINS, R. (2006) Robust eurozone growth outpaces US again. The Financial Times Ltd. CHISHOLM, J. (2006) NATIONAL NEWS BUSINESS ECONOMY: Trade gap widens as oil exports shrink. The Financial Times Ltd DENNIS, N. ( 2006) Carmakers gain as bourses remain flat. The Financial Times Limited. FLOOD, C. (2006) Market Preview: GDP weakness to challenge policymakers. Financial Times Ltd. MCCREEVY, C. (2006) Financial Capital Markets Integration in Europe. Reuters Newsmaker Event.
Saturday, October 26, 2019
Discuss the theme of the Dream in Of Mice and Men. Essay -- English Li
Discuss the theme of the Dream in Of Mice and Men. â€Å"Everyone in the world has a dream he knows can’t Come off but he spends his life hoping it may. This is at once The sadness and greatness and the triumph of our species†John Steinbeck ============== Discuss the theme of the Dream in ‘Of Mice and Men’. Steinbeck’s quote above portrays an important aspect of ‘Of Mice and Men’. Steinbeck remarks on how people can create a dream and how they can have positive and negative effects from them. A dream is human nature, where a person can get away from the outside world by thinking or imagining what their life would be like if the dream came true. Throughout the book there are four main dreams, which the characters have in ‘Of Mice and Men’. Firstly George and Lennie’s dream about owning their own land. This progresses when Candy makes the dream more realistic. Curley’s dream was about wanting himself to be physically bigger and to gain peoples respect. Curley’s wife’s dream was to go to Hollywood and be a big time actress. Crook’s dream was to have freedom like he had when he was a child. George and Lennie’s dreams were very similar in their own way. Georges dream was about getting a piece of land of his own and Lennie’s dream was to tend to the rabbits on their own piece of land. George and Lennie’s dream was the main dream throughout the book where they thought of owning a ranch of their own. Lennie’s concern in the dream was about tending the rabbits, which is emphasised in the number of times he mentions it during the book, â€Å"tendin ´ the rabbits†. George has a complete different view on the same dream. He wants the land so he can be dependant on himself, so he doesn’t have to work for other pe... ...o give good advice and listen to people. Slim had the most respect out of all the ‘ranch hands’. It is unusual the way Steinbeck has showed this character, as he owns such a big part of the story yet doesn’t have a dream. Whit also shows that he wants to do something with his life as he read his friend’s letter printed on the magazine, he felt slightly jealous. John Steinbeck has portrayed the theme ‘dream’ very well in the book. The way he has made nearly all the characters have a dream where they display high hopes. In George and Lennie’s case, being their own bosses. This dream can be metaphorically described as the Great American Dream, which shows anything you have in your mind you can achieve it, if you try your best and work hard for it. Unfortunately in ‘Of Mice and Men’ neither of the characters achieve their dream due to certain circumstances.
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Health Development in Africa Essay
Throughout the world there is a growing concern about health as it is regarded as an essential part of the sustainable human development efforts. The growing importance of the health of the population is being highlighted in the economic circles, the foreign policy and the socio cultural settings. During the last 25 years, there has been drastic realization about health issues in the developing nations, which has given them hope of a better future for their children. Africa is one such region where poverty and hunger is widespread. This is the region where health care facilities are underdeveloped due to which many people face death. This paper, therefore, aims to devise and develop an essential health development policy, program and strategy for African region in order to eradicate the poverty. This forms the main thesis of the research paper (Mills, 1995). The role of health development has been gaining importance in the Africa and different countries are assisting the efforts by providing increased resources, which has put huge pressures on the weak health structure, organizational capabilities and workforce in one of the poorest regions of the country. There is a severe lack of planning and management of the health resources in this part of the world which has led to non- implementation of the health plans. The problem in the African region has been largely related to poverty, wars and conflicts, bad governance and non performance of health programs. This region also faces a huge virus of HIV and AIDS which increase the burden of disease (Loewenson, 1993). The domestic and international health polices for Africa have been drafted by international agreements of multiple countries which include Alma Ata Declaration of 1978, World Health Organization’s Bamako Initiative in 1987 and Paris Declaration of 2005, and including many more. The famous Alma Ata, known as the birth of primary health care or PHC, aims to provide a comprehensive and affordable health plan by providing health facilities at the most basic level. However the PHC failed to achieve its targets due to lack of infrastructure and facilities, staff, civil wars, natural disasters and issues of bad governance and corruption. Later various new international policies were tried which included the structural adjustment plan of the World Bank which was based on loans, privatization and cost recovery, however it failed to deliver due to various reasons (Sikosana, 2009). The Bamako Initiative was launched in 1987 which was aimed at access to quality health care and tackle the scarcity of medicine by a number of balanced policies which were implement able and are the perfect health development plan for the impoverished region of Africa. Together with the World Bank 1993 report, both the policies aim at providing the healthcare at the grass root level in order to eradicate poverty (Mills, 1995). The recommendations include improving primary healthcare at all the levels in an equitable manner which should be available to all the people at any income level. Another recommendation includes the decentralization of the management of the PHC to the district level as oppose to the earlier practice which limited the control to few big hospitals which was the reason for corruption and bad governance. The government should ensure equity of fees charged at all levels which would ensure homogeneity of services to rich and poor alike. The government should be highly committed to maintain and expand the PHC program and all the national health policies should be inline to one standard policy. The government should also closely monitor the whole policy implementation process and ensure services to the poor. Sustainable effort should also be made to for poverty alleviation through education, gender equity, improved mother and child health programs and AIDS control programs. For the African health problems, the policymakers should make integrated national plans and strengthen the health systems by empowerment, equity and sustainability of the efforts. The public private partnership is also essential for the sustainability of the strategy (Sikosana, 2009).
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Curricular Implications for Students Essay
Efficient administrators must make certain their schools are in compliance with district, state, and federal educational guidelines. These statutes include identifying and delivering specified instructional lessons for students who qualify for services under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), and the students who qualify for ESOL (English for Speakers of Other Languages). Academic leaders who ensure compliance among these regulations and educate themselves on the appropriate instructional practices, will properly assist their teachers and students in finding academic success. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 was originated to ban intolerance and expel obstacles against any person who has a disability but who does not qualify for Special Education Services in an academic setting. The objective of Section 504 is to provide access to federally funded programs for students who qualify for this regulation. Educational organizations are required by law to offer an equivalent and equitable education to students who have a disability and who need modifications and accommodations in order to be successful in any educational program or service. When providing services and curriculum under Section 504, administrators at my case study school must ensure their teachers are supplying students with the correct accommodations and modifications. Accommodations permit the students to obtain the same course of study as a general education student without making changes to their coursework. Students who qualify for Section 504 at my case study school receive additional time to complete assignments, changes in the presentation and delivery of the subject matter, provided with a setting that is comfortable for the student to complete his/her work within, and an environment that will help students access the same information as their general education peers. There are numerous vital administrative implications under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. My case study school administrators educate and involve themselves in the process of identifying, assessing, and providing the right accommodations and modifications for students who qualify for Section 504. When principals take the time to help write 504 Plans, they know exactly what the qualifying student needs in order to be successful in an academic setting. Additionally, the administrators I work with must continually be aware of their students’ academic statuses, continually provide students with proper assistance, and offer their teachers the correct professional development opportunities to keep up with current research-based teaching methods and strategies. Jane Doe, my case study school administrator, has educated herself on the purpose of Section 504. She follows all guidelines and educates her teachers, staff, stakeholders, and students on the importance of protecting students with impairments from discrimination that may be related to their specific and individual disabilities. Ms. Doe also knows that the evaluation and placement procedures for students who may qualify for a 504 Plan requires that the students’ specific information must be obtained from a variety of reliable sources and that all prior, current, and post data must be documented and considered during the entire evaluation and decision making process. In addition, my case study administrator knows it is of equal importance to consistently inform parents about the Section 504 process. Parents need to be effectively educated on this entire process and learn how they can assist their child at home. The administrative team at my case study school consistently involve themselves in the 504 Plan process by sending home the required notices to parents regarding identification, evaluation, and/or placement in addition to notification of the periodic reevaluations of students with 504 plans. Although Section 504 does not specify any timelines for initial placement, the earlier the detection, evaluation, and eligibility, the earlier interventions can be put into place for the success of the student who has been given a 504 Plan. Students at my case study school who have 504 Plan accommodations and modifications remain with their peers in a basic education classroom throughout the day and are provided with equal and equitable access to their coursework. Their teachers are certified in the area of educating students with 504 plans and provide students with the accommodations and modifications they need to find success in their classes. My case study school principal takes an active role in the identification, evaluation, and planning of all 504 implications. She assists in the decision making process and communicates openly and effectively with the parents and other family members in the 504 educational planning for each particular student in my case study school. She also informs all stakeholders of 504 eligibility rates and gives them the strategies that will be implemented to help these students succeed in their school, community and life. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a federal mandate that regulates how educational agencies supply children with disabilities early intervention services, special education classes, and additional assistance that is equitable to a general education student who does not have a disability. The services under the IDEA law are offered to children from birth to age 21. Students who qualify for services under the IDEA Act are taught with standards based approaches that include evidence of performance goals and indicators within their Individualized Education Plan (IEP). My case study school uses a curricular approach, also known as standards based education when planning the educational future for the students who qualify for IDEA. This type of standards based education, has four essential parts to assist students in achieving academic success. First, guidelines are made for what students should know and be able to do at various grade levels in my case study school (grades 9-12). Next, the curriculum for each particular student is then designed. This curriculum is based on the initial guidelines of standards based education and the grade level of each particular student. Depending on the chosen curricula for each student, teachers must then devise personalized and differientiated course work and effective instructional strategies that will assist in the students’ academic success. These strategies must be appropriate for each individual student. Finally, students are evaluated at different junctures in their school career to determine how wel l my case study school is assisting students to meet the set standards. Standard based education is the best fit for the students at my case study school. â€Å"By setting high standards, individualizing the curriculum and instruction, and holding teachers accountable for how well their students are meeting the standards will help educational quality rise for all our students†. (Jane Doe, January 25, 2010). Parents of the students who fall under the IDEA provisions, must receive written notice that pertains to the identification, evaluation, and placement of their child in any special education program. The administrative team at my case study school ensures this mandate is followed. They specifically write and send home these notices to parents and attend the meetings that pertain to special education classes. My case study administrator feels it is important to develop relationships with these parents so they are educated and comfortable with their child’s IEP (Individualized Educational Plan). In addition, she has developed a â€Å"Family Education Night†specifically for parents of students who fall under the IDEA provisions. By developing family educational programs and other support programs for parents of students with disabilities, she is educating and engaging the families so they can share the decision making process for students with exceptional learning needs. My case study administrator also provides ongoing communication and collaborates with them as well as other administrators in similar instructional settings to improve the special education services at her school. My case study administrator ensures her teachers are using effective instructional strategies for the success of her students who are placed in her school through the IDEA mandates. In order for her to supply these students with a Free, Appropriate Public Education (FAPE), Ms. Doe and her administrative team work with all special education teachers to assist in the specially designed instruction that will meet the distinctive needs of students with disabilities. Ms. Doe also gives her teachers and herself the opportunity to attend numerous professional development offerings. It is at these meetings that her and her school’s teachers learn about the important research-based instructional strategies and programs that will have the most profound affect on the students who are protected by the IDEA rules and regulations. My case study administrator wants her teachers to learn the most effective and specially designed instruction for the benefit of their students. â€Å"All studen ts at my school will be given the fullest educational opportunity where they will learn how to overcome their disability and find success in school and life†. (Jane Doe, January 27, 2011). In addition to the mandates and guidelines for students with disabilities, there are also regulations and laws that must be followed for our English Language Learner (ELL) education. Administrators must ensure their academic institutions are providing ELLs with programs that utilize scientifically researched based materials and strategies. They must also ensure the teachers who are instructing ELL students are ESOL certified or endorsed. Choosing the appropriate programs, lessons, and strategies for ELL students is important to their success in acquiring English language skills while also becoming successful learners. In order for my case study school to be in compliance with state and federal mandates, the administrative team ensures their ELL students are given equal access to all curricular realms at the school, modifications are made in all subject areas within the classroom, and the ELL students are given appropriate resources to assist in the acquisition of the English language. In the U.S. Supreme Court Case, Lau vs. Nichols of 1974, it states that all ELL students should have equal access to the same programs as basic education students. My case study school is in compliance with this mandate. They comply by testing ELL students in their native language to see if the student qualifies for our school district’s Gifted Program or the Advanced Placement (AP) classes. This programmatic access allows the ELL population the chance to accelerate their learning even though they may not be proficient speakers, readers or writers of the English language. â€Å"Even though a student may not be able to speak the English language, that student may still be eligible for Gifted and or Advanced Placement (AP) Programs†. (Jane Doe, January 27, 2011). While access to all academic programs in school is a mandate for all ELL students, the teachers of these programs must also make academically appropriate modifications for the ELL students in order for them to achieve academic success. Under the U.S. Fifth Circuit Court Case, Castaneda vs. Pickard of 1981, school districts are required to follow specific guidelines in programs serving ELL students. One specific guideline within my case study school’s ELL Program is that all work assigned to ELL students must be modified to the level and understanding of that particular ELL student. This same court case mandates that ELL programs must be given adequate resources and personnel. My case study school complies by this ruling by the hiring and training of a bilingual ESOL instructional assistant to work with the ELL students in their native language. This person attends classes with ELL students to help translate the lesson or activity the teacher is delivering to the student in their native language. This ESOL instructional Assistant is a resource the students in the ESOL program need to utilize for their success in academics and in their success of the English language acquisition. My case study administrator also provides the ELL students with the appropriate resources and textbooks for their learning. All ELL students are given a textbook in English and a textbook in their native language. This allows them to have a side by side resource to learn from. It also allows them to be able to translate the information more efficiently and effectively. In addition, my case study administrator sends the teachers of ELL students to appropriate professional development trainings so they can learn the newest and most influential researched-based activities for our ELL students to learn from.
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Free Essays on The Seven Years War
The Seven Years War 1756-1763 Seven Years wars, 1759-63, worldwide fought in Europe, North America, and India between France, Austria, Russia, Saxony, Sweden, and (after 1762) Spain on the one side and Prussia, Great Britain, and Hanover on the other, with major consequences for all parties involved. The grand strategies of the combatants and the differing styles of warfare were used in the many campaigns. These ranged from the large-scale battles and sieges of the European front to the ambush and skirmish tactics used in the forests of North America. The struggle was complex in its origin and involved two main distinct conflicts – the colonial rivalry between France and England and the struggle for superpower in Germany between the House of Austria and the rising Kingdom of Prussia. It was showed in America by the outbreak of the last of the French and Indian wars and in India. The war of the Austrian Succession (1740-48) had left Austria humiliated. Seeking to recover Silesia from Prussia, Empress Maria Theresa even before the conclusion of that war had secured the alliance of Elizabeth of Russia. In 1775, when hostilities broke out in North America, George II, King of England and elector of Hanover, negotiated the Treaty of Westminster with Frederick II of Prussia, who guaranteed the neutrality of Hanover. This event hurried the alliance (1756) of France and Austria, sometimes called the â€Å"diplomatic revolution†. After that Frederick II opened hostilities by invading Saxony. In Jan.,1757, war was declared. Austria concluded alliances with France and Russia and was joined by Sweden. The main European aspect of the war began with the Prussian invasion of Bohemia early in 1757. Victorious at first, Frederick was severely defeated by the Austrians under Daun at Kolin (June,1757) and had to evacuate Bohemia. The fighting was carried into Saxony and Silesia, where Frederick gained the great victories of Rossbach (Nov., 175... Free Essays on The Seven Years War Free Essays on The Seven Years War The Seven Years War 1756-1763 Seven Years wars, 1759-63, worldwide fought in Europe, North America, and India between France, Austria, Russia, Saxony, Sweden, and (after 1762) Spain on the one side and Prussia, Great Britain, and Hanover on the other, with major consequences for all parties involved. The grand strategies of the combatants and the differing styles of warfare were used in the many campaigns. These ranged from the large-scale battles and sieges of the European front to the ambush and skirmish tactics used in the forests of North America. The struggle was complex in its origin and involved two main distinct conflicts – the colonial rivalry between France and England and the struggle for superpower in Germany between the House of Austria and the rising Kingdom of Prussia. It was showed in America by the outbreak of the last of the French and Indian wars and in India. The war of the Austrian Succession (1740-48) had left Austria humiliated. Seeking to recover Silesia from Prussia, Empress Maria Theresa even before the conclusion of that war had secured the alliance of Elizabeth of Russia. In 1775, when hostilities broke out in North America, George II, King of England and elector of Hanover, negotiated the Treaty of Westminster with Frederick II of Prussia, who guaranteed the neutrality of Hanover. This event hurried the alliance (1756) of France and Austria, sometimes called the â€Å"diplomatic revolution†. After that Frederick II opened hostilities by invading Saxony. In Jan.,1757, war was declared. Austria concluded alliances with France and Russia and was joined by Sweden. The main European aspect of the war began with the Prussian invasion of Bohemia early in 1757. Victorious at first, Frederick was severely defeated by the Austrians under Daun at Kolin (June,1757) and had to evacuate Bohemia. The fighting was carried into Saxony and Silesia, where Frederick gained the great victories of Rossbach (Nov., 175...
Monday, October 21, 2019
Free Essays on Water Gate 1972
Watergate 1972 By: Anonymous Watergate was the name of the biggest political scandal in United States history. It included various illegal activities designed to help President Richard M. Nixon win reelection in 1972. Watergate resulted in Nixon's resignation from the presidency in 1974. Watergate differed from most previous political scandals because personal greed apparently did not play an important role. Instead, Watergate represented an attack on one of the chief features of a democracyfree and open elections. The Watergate activities included burglary, wiretapping, violations of campaign financing laws, and sabotage and the attempted use of government agencies to harm political opponents. The scandal also involved a cover-up of many of those actions. About 40 people were charged with crimes in the scandal and with related crimes. Most of these people were convicted by juries or pleaded guilty. Watergate involved more high-level government officials than any previous political s candal. It led to the conviction on criminal charges in 1975 of former Attorney General John N. Mitchell and two of Nixon's top aides, John D. Ehrlichman and H. R. Haldeman. Also in 1975, former Secretary of Commerce Maurice H. Stans, a leader of Nixon's reelection campaign, pleaded guilty to Watergate criminal charges and was fined $5,000. Watergate also had resulted in the resignation of Attorney General Richard G. Kleindienst in 1973. The break-in and cover-up. The scandal took its name from the Watergate complex of apartment and office buildings in Washington, D.C. On June 17, 1972, police arrested five men for breaking into the Democratic Party's national headquarters there. One of the burglars was James W. McCord, Jr., the security coordinator of the Committee for the Re-election of the President (CRP). The five menalong with G. Gordon Liddy, another CRP aide; and E. Howard Hunt, Jr., a White House consultantwere indicted for a number of crimes, ... Free Essays on Water Gate 1972 Free Essays on Water Gate 1972 Watergate 1972 By: Anonymous Watergate was the name of the biggest political scandal in United States history. It included various illegal activities designed to help President Richard M. Nixon win reelection in 1972. Watergate resulted in Nixon's resignation from the presidency in 1974. Watergate differed from most previous political scandals because personal greed apparently did not play an important role. Instead, Watergate represented an attack on one of the chief features of a democracyfree and open elections. The Watergate activities included burglary, wiretapping, violations of campaign financing laws, and sabotage and the attempted use of government agencies to harm political opponents. The scandal also involved a cover-up of many of those actions. About 40 people were charged with crimes in the scandal and with related crimes. Most of these people were convicted by juries or pleaded guilty. Watergate involved more high-level government officials than any previous political s candal. It led to the conviction on criminal charges in 1975 of former Attorney General John N. Mitchell and two of Nixon's top aides, John D. Ehrlichman and H. R. Haldeman. Also in 1975, former Secretary of Commerce Maurice H. Stans, a leader of Nixon's reelection campaign, pleaded guilty to Watergate criminal charges and was fined $5,000. Watergate also had resulted in the resignation of Attorney General Richard G. Kleindienst in 1973. The break-in and cover-up. The scandal took its name from the Watergate complex of apartment and office buildings in Washington, D.C. On June 17, 1972, police arrested five men for breaking into the Democratic Party's national headquarters there. One of the burglars was James W. McCord, Jr., the security coordinator of the Committee for the Re-election of the President (CRP). The five menalong with G. Gordon Liddy, another CRP aide; and E. Howard Hunt, Jr., a White House consultantwere indicted for a number of crimes, ...
Sunday, October 20, 2019
How to Write Headlines and Subheads
How to Write Headlines and Subheads How to Write Headlines and Subheads How to Write Headlines and Subheads By Mark Nichol The first thing most readers notice in print or online is a headline. Think of it as a virtual handshake. If your headline is the text equivalent of a cold, dead fish, you’ll make a poor first impression. Or think of it as analogous to a cover letter or a request for a date. You only get one chance to introduce yourself make it good. Various types of headlines exist, and some are more suitable than others for various types of content. Here are eight categories appropriate for selling something, whether it’s a product or an idea, along with a sample headline of that type: 1. Direct: â€Å"Lawn Mowers on Sale†Such an approach may seem dull, but consider that no single reader personality prevails; some people like an unadorned statement. Many people looking for lawn mowers on sale will be gratified to see the headline â€Å"Lawn Mowers on Sale†â€Å"Ah, just what I was thinking.†2. News: â€Å"Remote-Control Lawn Mower to Debut in April†A journalistic headline conveys authority and is straightforward without being plain. 3. How-To: â€Å"How to Select the Best Lawn Mower for Your Yard†The words â€Å"how to†have launched a million headlines (many of them right here on this site), and for good reason: What do you type into a search engine when you want to learn how to do something? â€Å"How to†tells readers that somebody out there wants to help them. 4. Question: â€Å"Is Your Lawn Mower the Right One for the Job?†A query to readers is an invitation, a promise that they’ll get something out of the experience; all they have to do is pick up the magazine or click on the link and read. 5. Command: â€Å"Go to Lawn Mowers R Us for the Best Deals†You don’t have to be a current or former military service member to know that a directive gets one’s attention. Of course, it’s more likely to succeed in a marketing pitch if it aligns with the target audience’s desires. 6. List: 7 â€Å"Things to Look for in a New Lawn Mower†The next-best approach to a how-to headline is a list. Look in the archives here at Daily Writing Tips and notice how many headlines start with a number. People like enumeration; it offers a promise that they will come away from the reading experience with quantifiable results. 7. Testimonial: â€Å"I Got a Great Deal on a New Lawn Mower†A testimonial, an authentic or fictional statement about the value of a good or service, is a time-honored advertising strategy. People are drawn to anecdotal evidence especially if it is accompanied by a photograph of a celebrity or an attractive model who has ostensibly offered the claim even though such overtures are notoriously unreliable. But if you routinely employ testimonials that stand the test of trust, even readers who practice critical thinking will find them appealing. 8. Teaser: â€Å"The Most Important Purchase You’ll Make This Year†Take care with this approach, because you can easily overextend yourself. â€Å"My most important purchase of the year will be a lawn mower? Really?†If you can back up the tease a survey of real estate agents concludes that good lawn care drives up property values and is a significant factor in home sales over the asking price then by all means use it. But be careful: One unsubstantiated teaser headline can drive a reader away forever. Conciseness Notice that none of the sample headlines above is more than ten words long. Many effective headlines are half that long, or even shorter. Make sure your headlines are no longer than they need to be, but nail the technique or catch the vibe you want first, then reduce the word count if possible. Take care, however, not to truncate unnecessarily: You might think, for example, that â€Å"How to Select the Best Lawn Mower for Your Yard†has three extraneous words at the end, but the best lawn mower overall may not be the best lawn mower for your yard, and the use of the word your personalizes the message hey, reader, I to help you! Originality Copy and paste your final draft into a search engine. If it comes up, consider altering one or more words or starting over again. There’s nothing wrong with using an existing headline there are only so many ways to string together a handful of words about a topic but you may not want your article to be associated with the content beneath that existing one, especially if it’s of inferior quality. And don’t hesitate to use a basic, functional headline, or to assume that it’s already been taken: In an online search, the headline for this post (the most fundamental wording I can think of for the topic) came up only in a single extent reference, and was in an obscure video tutorial. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Using "a" and "an" Before Words10 Colloquial Terms and Their MeaningsPrepositions to Die With
Saturday, October 19, 2019
Aviation Information Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words
Aviation Information Technology - Essay Example Regional airlines cover only certain destinations in a specific region and do not have international flights. They are relatively smaller than national airlines and generate an income of between $20 million to $100 million in a year. This class is the fastest growing category since it covers most destinations that major airlines may choose to ignore and also offers the convenience as they do not have to stop at hubs for layovers. Low-cost carriers are those airlines that offer lower fares and fewer comforts as well. Since the fare tickets are relatively cheaper, the airlines may charge for extra services in the planes to make up for the revenue lost through decreased fares. Services such as seat allocating, baggage and food may be charged separately. Non-EU airlines are those that are not registered in the European Union, but still operate in their airports. Airlines play different roles in various industries. The travel and tourism industry is the highest recipient of airline services since they work very closely together. The travel and tourism industry depends on the air travel to provide services to their customers. Airlines are responsible for the provision of mass and fast transportation of passengers between countries while ensuring standardized, safe and economic conditions are observed. Airlines also play an imperative role in driving the global economy. This is because of the greatly reduced time of travel which enables businesses to operate in a fast and more convenient way without wasting time waiting for raw materials or delivering goods to consumers. Presently, airlines are one of the most frequent users of the internet in their daily operations. Ticket sales makeup the largest portion of all online sales. Airlines were among the earliest practitioners of e-commerce and have benefitted the most from the adoption of e-commerce as compared to other industries (Yang 2001:1), with revenues increasing and costs reducing dramatically.
Friday, October 18, 2019
Extra credits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Extra credits - Essay Example Dith Pran had suffered a great deal for approximately four years before he was able to escape to a refugee camp. Here he was later rescued and reunited with his friend Schanberg. The evacuation from Saigon led to clearing of and falls in Phnom Penh paved way for a more ruthless Khmer Rouge that led to the ruthless genocide in which a lot of people lost their lives (Dawn, Remsing, Hmong Folklore). The film tried to preserve the historical accuracy and ideologies and the portrayal of events as they happened. A lot is learned from the film, even though, the producers skipped some issues that occurred. They try to keep the most important issues like cultures to give the film the touch of Cambodia setting and portray the genocide picture in a clear way especially when panic and desperation arises when violence breaks out. This is an American film that talks about Hmong American community and a retired auto worker Walt Kowalski. Kowalski is a lonely man since his children do not really care about him. In addition, the neighbours he was used to had moved to other places and others passed away and misplaced by Hmong immigrants from Southeast Asia who he hated so much. His life was a quiet one until someone tried to still his Gran Torino. From this event, a young man called Thao is introduced to Walt’s life when his gang forces him to go and steal Walt’s Gran Torino. However, he was caught red-handed, and Walt decided not to shoot him. When Thao’s mother and sister Sue discover what Thao had planned to do they forced him to work for Walt as a way of apologising, he was forced to do odd jobs. This relationship of Walt and Thao lead to the change of their lives. They treated each other as a family to a point where Walt includes Thao in his will leaving him the Gran Torino in a condition that he will never try to modify it in any way. He also
Labor Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2
Labor Economics - Essay Example However, the situation becomes quite altered when we compare it to the present day since those who could have been said to be living comfortably 50 years ago would today be considered as living below the poverty line. Brewer (2007) quotes John E. Schwarz who says: â€Å"In the early 1950s, fully two fifths of American households had no automobile, about a third did not have a private telephone or a television, and the homes of about a third of all Americans were dilapidated or were without running water or a private toilet and bath. Only a small minority of families enjoyed such basics as a mixer or had a hot-water heater (Brewer, 2007, Pg. 1)†. Thus, in comparison to the life lived in the 1950s, people living as a part of the middle class or even the lower classes today have a higher standard of living. In the 1950s, a person working full time at a middle class standard would have been able to afford to keep a family of four. Surprisingly, the same could be done today by an individual who is working at minimum wage but only if s/he is willing and able to give up ‘luxuries’ such as hot running water, an automobile and private toilets (Brewer, 2007). The situation and the comparison becomes more complicated when we consider the 1970s since it was a time where the country experienced a rising standard of living coupled. Automobiles, televisions and other items which were considered luxuries became more common but the nation experienced a falling standard of living towards the end of the decade. It thus became the beginning of the time where the family which had only one breadwinner could find itself in economic trouble and this prompted the rapid entry of women into the work field in large numbers (Gruber, 2005). However, political and economic forces such as the policies enacted by the government, the high levels of inflation, unemployment and low productivity growth are blamed for a lack of growth in real income in the
Thursday, October 17, 2019
Current event Analyses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words
Current event Analyses - Essay Example He gave us several benchmarks by which to judge writing or speech. I shall use those devices to analyze the recent speech by President Obama after the Boston terror attacks. Terrorism is a problem of huge magnitude globally. With the killing of Osama bin Laden, the President had earlier on reassured the nation that terrorism will be a thing of the past. However, an attack of the most elementary kind happened and several people lost their lives. Therefore, it is important to see how the president, who is well known for his good oratory skills, used this attribute to reassure the nation again. Apart from analyzing the elements of oratory that the President employed, there shall also be a focus on the effectiveness of the speech. One of the most important parts of rhetoric that should never be ignored is the setting. Usually in rhetorical analysis, there is a focus on the text, choice of words and even delivery, however; minimal attention is given to the setting. The setting was very im portant in this case because of two main reasons. One of the reasons is that the President chose to deliver his speech on the attacks in the town where the attacks took place. This is important because he gets to connect emotionally with the people who are affected by the killings. He could have chosen to deliver the speech from the White House, an equally important place, but far removed from the tragedy at hand (â€Å"Boston Marathon Bombing: Mystery Remains over Motive†). Another notable aspect about the President’s chosen setting is that it was a church. This was a time when the nation’s faith in the ability of government to fully protect them against any harm had been shaken. That faith needed to be strengthened and the best place to do that was at the church. The atmosphere was also better attuned to the humility that Americans had been subjected to by this event. We all know Americans as people who have an overly optimistic sense of their own abilities. T he ability to stop criminal attacks was wounded by this attacks and humility was necessary to try and better come to terms with the fact that terrorism is advancing, just as government’s military capabilities improve (Crocker 34). There are three kinds of appeals that we have come to associate with rhetoric. These appeals are to the pathos, the logos and to ethos (Pass 56). All these are certainly detectable in the President’s speech and they shall form the basis of my analysis of this speech. The appeal to the pathetic is the appeal to the emotions. The appeal to the logic and ethics are as straightforward as they sound (Genung 45). The most outstanding device that the President uses in this speech is metaphor. This is a device that runs throughout the President’s speech. The President begins by invoking scripture readings. This was a church service after all, so in a way it was expected. However, he takes it a little further than normal. He says that scripture tells us to â€Å"run with endurance the race that is set before us.†This is a statement that connects with the tragedy at hand in more ways than one. First of all it is important to remember that the attacks that necessitated this speech were targeted at runners in one of the most famous races, the Boston Marathon. This is an annual race that attracts participants from across the world. Likening the marathon to our ‘race in life’ is a strong way of trying to assure the people that life must go on after this gruesome event. The President extends that metaphor on and on
What is Epistemology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
What is Epistemology - Essay Example The link of epistemology into ontology and the way epistemology shape social research in general. According to scientists, there is a significant difference between too expressions: â€Å"I know that†and â€Å"I know how†. For instance, it is well-known that 1+1=2, however, here we could think not only about the result, but about the process itself: how there two numbers should be summed up. When we state that we â€Å"know†something, the question arises why we â€Å"believe†that. When we â€Å"believe’ in something we usually think that this â€Å"something†will not make us disappointed, for example we may believe in our national basketball team and its victory. However, epistemology considers â€Å"belief†from another point of view. For example, when we believe that the grass is green that means that we consider the statement that the grass is green to be correct. Every statement is simply a preposition of someone else and it does not mean that everybody must believe it .At the same time, if something represents a real fac t, it is true. The main controversy in this area is concentrated on study of the nature of knowledge and its connection to related concepts: information, conviction, and rationalization. It is connected with the method of knowledge acquisition and uncertainty about various statements. The different arguments of rationalism and empiricism and the controversy that occurs on the base on this difference is connected to different experience of the people in their attempts to obtain knowledge. According to rationalists, there are significant methods to obtain information autonomously of experience at the same time as empiricists consider experience to be very essential in knowledge acquisition (Fodor 1975). The vision of rationalists is usually built in the following way: they state that sometimes our knowledge obtained through intuition is more reliable, than that obtained from experience. Then,
Wednesday, October 16, 2019
Current event Analyses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words
Current event Analyses - Essay Example He gave us several benchmarks by which to judge writing or speech. I shall use those devices to analyze the recent speech by President Obama after the Boston terror attacks. Terrorism is a problem of huge magnitude globally. With the killing of Osama bin Laden, the President had earlier on reassured the nation that terrorism will be a thing of the past. However, an attack of the most elementary kind happened and several people lost their lives. Therefore, it is important to see how the president, who is well known for his good oratory skills, used this attribute to reassure the nation again. Apart from analyzing the elements of oratory that the President employed, there shall also be a focus on the effectiveness of the speech. One of the most important parts of rhetoric that should never be ignored is the setting. Usually in rhetorical analysis, there is a focus on the text, choice of words and even delivery, however; minimal attention is given to the setting. The setting was very im portant in this case because of two main reasons. One of the reasons is that the President chose to deliver his speech on the attacks in the town where the attacks took place. This is important because he gets to connect emotionally with the people who are affected by the killings. He could have chosen to deliver the speech from the White House, an equally important place, but far removed from the tragedy at hand (â€Å"Boston Marathon Bombing: Mystery Remains over Motive†). Another notable aspect about the President’s chosen setting is that it was a church. This was a time when the nation’s faith in the ability of government to fully protect them against any harm had been shaken. That faith needed to be strengthened and the best place to do that was at the church. The atmosphere was also better attuned to the humility that Americans had been subjected to by this event. We all know Americans as people who have an overly optimistic sense of their own abilities. T he ability to stop criminal attacks was wounded by this attacks and humility was necessary to try and better come to terms with the fact that terrorism is advancing, just as government’s military capabilities improve (Crocker 34). There are three kinds of appeals that we have come to associate with rhetoric. These appeals are to the pathos, the logos and to ethos (Pass 56). All these are certainly detectable in the President’s speech and they shall form the basis of my analysis of this speech. The appeal to the pathetic is the appeal to the emotions. The appeal to the logic and ethics are as straightforward as they sound (Genung 45). The most outstanding device that the President uses in this speech is metaphor. This is a device that runs throughout the President’s speech. The President begins by invoking scripture readings. This was a church service after all, so in a way it was expected. However, he takes it a little further than normal. He says that scripture tells us to â€Å"run with endurance the race that is set before us.†This is a statement that connects with the tragedy at hand in more ways than one. First of all it is important to remember that the attacks that necessitated this speech were targeted at runners in one of the most famous races, the Boston Marathon. This is an annual race that attracts participants from across the world. Likening the marathon to our ‘race in life’ is a strong way of trying to assure the people that life must go on after this gruesome event. The President extends that metaphor on and on
Tuesday, October 15, 2019
Food Safety and Sanitation Course Project Essay
Food Safety and Sanitation Course Project - Essay Example Food safety and sanitation is fundamental for customers and employees. The performance of the customers will be perfect and recognizable when they are working in a favorable environment. Through the hard work of the employees, then with some measures in place it will be easy for the customers to be served with safe food (Arduser & Brown, 2005). In this project, as a health officer entitled with the power to check the safety of food and sanitation, I will base a case in Mount view restaurant in north California. This is one of the biggest restaurants not only in North California but also in US at large. There are many customers in this hotel thus, I find it necessary to have food safety, and sanitation measures in place. I will carry out an interview after which I will write a report. Preparatory Steps Before doing the interview and writing the report, I undertook some preparations that will make the latter processes to be easy. The steps that I undertook in preparation for the interv iew are: (i) Scheduling a meeting with the manager of Mount view restaurant I wrote a letter to the restaurant manager with all my contacts. It aimed at explaining to him the mission that I want to undertake in his or her restaurant. In addition, I explained the importance of the study to the manager. After compiling the letter, I send it to the following address: Mountain View Restaurant 5253 NC Hwy 226 Little Switzerland, NC 28749 United States ph: 828-766-9670. (ii) Meeting with the restaurant manager After the manager got back to me, I got his contacts and with them, I proceeded to meet him at the restaurant at the scheduled time. I introduced myself to the manager politely and he welcomed me warmly. After that, I proceeded on to undertake my role since I had been granted the authority to do so. 1.0. Interview The participants in the interview I carried out where the manager to the restaurant and the employees in the same area. My questions were mainly aimed at getting solutions to food safety and sanitation problems in the restaurant if any (Arduser & Brown, 2005). The Manager The manager was welcoming and ready to participate. I asked him to give some programs that were in place to ensure that there is food safety and sanitation in the restaurant. The manager told me that they had divided there workers into groups. There were groups who dealt with sanitation while others dealt with food safety. In food safety, he explained that they had a qualified doctor who came to check the quality of the ingredients. I also asked the manager how the environment was made favorable for food safety and sanitation. From there I walked around the restaurant accompanied by the manager. I filled the forms that I had after keenly observing what was needed. I also asked the manager the area that they were strategizing to improve (Arduser & Brown, 2005). The Employees I approached the employees in a friendly manner. I took four of them, two male and two female. I interrogated them on their health conditions. At some point, I asked them to show off their hands. They did not fail me. They also helped me to analyze the exterior. At this time, I had left the manager so that the workers could not create suspicion that could lead to wrong data. I also inquired what was supposed to be done to get food safety and
Monday, October 14, 2019
Teacher Shortage Essay Example for Free
Teacher Shortage Essay Today teachers are not paid a lot and as a result there has been a shortage of teachers, especially good, qualified ones. Until teacher salaries are raised and teaching comes to be a desirable profession, teacher shortage is going to have a negative impact on both teachers and students. Teacher shortage is bad for students because it means an increased number of students in class. Teacher shortage is bad for teachers because larger class sizes mean more students to be responsible for and more papers to grade. Currently, most teachers are older men and women. Today there are an average of twenty teachers per district retiring ever year (Perrin). But what is going to happen when those teachers retire? Who is going to fill all those positions? Most likely, it will not be education majors currently enrolled in college because everyday, education majors are changing their majors. Teaching does not seem like a desirable profession due to the low salaries and strenuous work load. After spending thousands of dollars to earn a college degree, college students want their degree to work for them. They do not want to work a high hour, low paying job when they know they could be out making good money at an entry level computer job. Until teacher salaries are increased, things are only going to get worse. Already, many of the teaching jobs are held by substitutes, many without college degrees, and that are not always experts in the field in which they teach. With the current teacher shortage, large class sizes are just going to get larger. The problem does not sound serious right now, but what will happen when those students are doctors, teachers, or presidents years down the road? This is a serious problem that could have a very negative impact on our nations future. So, what are we doing to address the teacher shortage? Right now, recruiters are going out of the country to find qualified teachers. Recruiters are mainly tapping into India, Russia, Canada, and Spain for new teachers. While it seems like a good idea, school districts are paying high dollar to fund these recruiting trips. Districts often even have to pay a finder fee of up to five thousand dollars per teacher. They also must sponsor them for special visas, help them with housing, and hold orientations to ease the cultural transitions(Lord). Perhaps a better alternative wouldbe to use this money to increase teacher salaries. Paying for the new teachers is not the only problem with this idea. Even while the foreign teachers might be experts in their fields, what are they going to teach the students if they students can not understand them? Also, a teacher from India is not used to walking through a metal detector every day before work. Classroom discipline may also be a critical issue. Indian students tend to be more orderly and respectful. When an Indian teacher walks into a classroom, they expect the full attention of the class. Unfortunately, this is not always the case today. In this kind of case, I think it is bad for the students and the teacher. The students may not be able to understand the teacher. The teacher may not be ready for the type of students that they are going to see. So, what do we need to do about teacher shortage to make people want to go into teaching? The teachers need to be paid more money. According to Jared Bernstein, an NEA official, most teachers are underpaid at least five thousand dollars a year, based on their education skills, even taking into account summers off. Teachers are even more underpaid in Missouri. With the national average at just over forty thousand dollars per year, the Missouri average is just under thirty-five thousand dollars per year. So if most teachers are underpaid five thousand dollars, Missouri teachers are underpaid about nine thousand dollars per year (Bernstein). The First Lady, Laura Bush is even trying to help solve the nations education problem, vowing to go to college campuses and military bases to recruit desperately needed new teachers. She and President Bush are even going to try to set an example by teaching in classrooms. The First lady used to teach second grade and holds a masters degree in Library Science. A program has started called Teach for America becauseit is estimated that over thenext ten years the United States Education Department will need over two million teachers (Perrin). The program encourages college graduates to make a minimum two-year commitment to teaching. Another plan the First Lady and the President are committed to is the Troops to Teachers program. This plan is to recruit qualified teachers that are retired members of the military. Many of the retired members have degrees in science, math, and engineering. Plus, they bring something to schools that is desperately needed, discipline. Bush believes in the Troops to Teachers program so much that he plans to increase spending from three million dollars to thirty million dollars on the program (Killian). The teacher shortage is really a serious problem. But, I really do feel that the necessary steps will be made to move in the right direction. The change will not happen overnight though. Great ideas to come up with new teachers, especially the Troops to Teachers plan, are being pursued. Many of the retired military members are overqualified for the jobs. Their discipline in the classroom is much needed. The bill they are working on could be a good idea. The bill gives the districts more freedom with the money, which could be a good or a bad thing. They could use the money to hire good teachers, or they could use the money to build better facilities for the schools. The answer is not to go to other countries to find teachers because it costs too much money to go recruit teachers. Why not just use that money to increase teacher salaries?
Sunday, October 13, 2019
Post-operative Psychological Adjustment to Stoma
Post-operative Psychological Adjustment to Stoma The essay is based on a patient who had surgery to have an ileostomy formed. This essay will attempt to define support and identify what the patients specific support needs may be within the context of the patients post-operative psychological adjustment to her new stoma with special focus on the issue of flatus and odour on the patients recovery. Black (2001) states that for the patient with a newly formed stoma, thoughts of talking to others, eating, working, sleeping or making love while bowel motion and flatus fill the appliance is horrific. A literature review will identify the most recommended suggestions for support of the person anxious about odour and flatus and the information will be considered within the context of the support that was given to Jane*. In accordance with the Nursing Midwifery Council Code of Professional Conduct (2008), the name and any identifying details of my patient on which this study is based will be withheld. Jane* is a 44 years old mother of three, including 16 years old Adam* who lives with her at home. Jane is in a long term relationship with Peter* and they have been planning to move in together. She is a teacher of Economics in the local secondary school. Jane was diagnosed with Ulcerative colitis about 18 years ago. Ulcerative colitis is a disease that causes inflammation of the large intestine or colon (Colitis UK, 2008). This is the last meter or so of the intestine closest to the anus. Symptoms are vary in severity from pain and discomfort, through mucous in the stools is in the most severe cases blood in the stools. It is generally diagnosed by inspection of the colon by the procedure colonoscopy by uses an endoscope. Porrett and McGrath (2005) suggest, ileostomies are formed to treat conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, diverticular disease, carcinoma of the bladder, carcinoma of the bowel, traumatic injury to the abdominal area, and inadequate blood flow to the bowel, incontinence and obstruction. An ileostomy is a surgically created abdominal opening from the terminal small intestine (ileum), made because the entire colon has been removed or must be bypassed. An ileostomy stoma is usually on the lower-right abdomen. Its output has passed through all or most of the small intestine, but none of the large intestine; consistency of this output may vary from very liquid to a semi-solid paste (Porrett and McGrath, 2005). Simmons K et al (2007) state that more than 13,000 patients have stoma surgery yearly in the United Kingdom and reports psychological and social dysfunction in patients whose surgery end with stoma. Patients undergoing stoma surgery face a number of stress related circumstances leading to threats to body integrity, alerted body image, loss of autonomy, and loss of function and control (Williams, 2005). Annells (2006), suggests that fear of rejection by friends and family as well as being ostracized by society is constant for this group of patients and that support, guidance and information can assist them in adapting to their new way of life. Patients were reported to have feelings of loneliness, low self-esteem, thoughts of suicide and depression are higher in stoma patients compared with patients without a stoma (Norton, 2004). Patients who have had ileostomies, often have a distorted body image which has a knock on impact on the patients’ physical integrity and self-concept (Black and Hyde, 2004). When I was talking to Jane, before and after surgery, one of her major anxieties was flatus and odour – common concern for those with a new established stoma is flatus and odour which can result in psychological distress, stigma and embarrassment (Annells, 2006). She was also anxious about how Peter would react to the stoma and whether he would still find her beautiful and attractive. But mostly, she was concerned that people would smell her and she was worried, that she would be unable to control her flatus and being stigmatized by Peter and people who found out that she had stoma. Coping with stigma involves a variety of strategies, and Jane was at the stage where she was deciding whether to disclose the condition and suffer further stigma or attempt to conceal the condition or aspects of the condition and pass for normal (Joachim and Acorn, 2000), but felt certain that there was no way she could conceal the odour or the involuntary flatus. Flatus and odour that cannot be co ntrolled by the individual for medical reasons affect how these individuals feel about their bodies (Black, 2001). A stoma does not have a sphincter muscle; and so persons with stomas are unable to control the elimination of faeces or flatus via the stoma (Breckman, 2005). Rozmovits and Ziebland (2004), in a compilation of narratives from new stoma patients cited many as expressing difficulties in returning to work following surgery due to the â€Å"uncontrollable and unpredictable bowel movements and foul-smelling gas†. Simmons K et al (2007) state social aspect has a major impact on patients. A background study reported a decrease in social and leisure activities, increase in marital problems and less contact with relatives and friends. Mosby (2006), defines support as â€Å"to sustain, hold up, or maintain in a desired position or condition, as in physically supporting the abdominal muscles with a binder or emotionally supporting a client under stress†. There are several definitions for support. The Cambridge Advanced, Learners Dictionary (2008), define support as â€Å"to encourage someone because you want them to succeed†, â€Å"to help someone emotionally or practically†, or â€Å"a group of people who provide emotional and practical help to someone in serious difficulty†. Gale (2001) tells us social support consist of friends, family members, co-workers who provide assistance to the individual in need. Support found from friends, family and co-workers has a beneficial effect on physical and psychological well-being. Jane has had counselling from the stoma care nurse and assessed before surgery. Janes partner, Peter was not included initially in her pre-operative period as she did not wish to have him there. Peter was aware about the operation but she had not told many of her family and friends. Myers (1996) state psychological preparation and counselling of patients in the pre-operative period is of great importance. Myers (1996) further states the stoma nurse together with the patients partners and other health professionals help to rehabilitate the patient. The nurse and healthcare professionals must look at the patient and the patients needs holistically to include all aspects: physical, emotional, mental, social and economical. Faulkner and Davies (2005) state, that there is a range of definitions of the concept of support. It implies it is the exchange of resources between at least two people, intending to enhance the well-being of the person receiving. Faulkner and Davies (2005) illustrate the four broad support mechanisms they are emotional, informational, appraisal and instrumental support. Emotional support is about improving self-esteem, encouraging the person and aiming to have a feeling of belonging, accepted, loved and needed. Informational support provides information for individuals which enables them to be involved in dealing with their problems and problem solving. It can involve suggestions of where they can acquire further advice. Instrumental support involves tangible resources to remove, or significantly reduce, the stressful situation experienced by an individual. This also may include the provision of financial aid or services. Appraisal support helps the person to evaluate the impact of their circumstance, and level the threat posed by the stressful event or availability of personal coping resources. Post-operatively, Jane required all the identified types of support in dealing with her anxiety about her flatus and odour. Sirota (2006) states that support is important at all levels of care of the stoma patient and is especially critical in the early postoperative stages following stoma surgery when patients are experiencing grief reactions to loss. Emotionally, the support had already begun with the pre-operative chats that involved not only Jane, but her partner, Peter as well. The nurse, in offering support to the patient following a stoma formation must be conscious of the fact that even though the patient is extremely self-conscious about odours related to the newly-formed stoma, odours from the stoma should never be smelled by anyone but the patient (Williams, 2005). Emotional support to Jane was provided by developing a rapport with her which helped to alleviate her anxiety and embarrassment by putting the issue of flatulence and odour into context and teaching the patient techniques that could help control the issues e.g. deodorants, diets (Williams, 2005). Informational support was given to Jane about the types of food that will reduce odours and flatulence. Information such as which foods and fluids will produce flatus and which are likely to cause odour; how to manage a noticeable bulge created by flatus and how to remove flatus from appliance without causing unnecessary embarrassment in terms of odour or spillage are crucial to developing the patients confidence in managing his/her stoma (Breckman, 2005). In addition, leaflets obtained from the Ileostomy Internal Pouch Support Group gave a list of foods that increase and decrease flatulence and faecal odour as well as hints on reducing flatus. Instrumental support for Jane took the form of the deodorants that were provided to her to deal with the odours from her stoma. Cottam and Porrett (2005) recommend that in instances where odour is a problem, such as when changing the appliance, deodorants can be used to mask faecal odours and these are available in atomizers, drops or powders that can be sprayed into the atmosphere or placed inside the appliance. Jane was given the opportunity to try different samples of different fragrances by the stoma care nurse and then advised how she could order them in the future. She was also able to examine the different costs so that she could order deodorants that suited her budgets. She also advised to use the silicon-based adhesive remover which was proven to be gentler on the skin (Cutting, 2006). The final aspect of support that was provided to Jane in alleviating her anxiety about flatus and odour was appraisal support. Any disruption to the workings of the persons body is bound to cause concern and in Western society the pressures placed on us by media and peers mean that the patient that has to live with a stoma has to live with a stigma and all the anxieties associated with this (Williams, 2005). With the informational, emotional and instrumental support that was given to Jane, the rest of support needed by her can only be identified and accessed by her. Support groups and their contact details were provided to Jane, so that she can access a group or forum, if she determined that she needed further support of more specific, or even generic, type. The success of Janes adjustment will now be dependent on her own coping strategies and her own support networks (Williams, 2005). Salter (1997) stated that the support a nurse needs to give the patient with newly formed stoma is emotional, informational and practical. Jane received all of the above during her immediate post-operative period. Price (1993) says that how Jane copes now will be affected by the opinions and attitudes of the people with whom she has close relationships. Informational and appraisal support will continue via support group and forums and emotional support will come from family and friends. In the end, Jane will increase her self-confidence and become more independent with dealing with her stoma and stoma care. But in the end, as with everyone, even those without a stoma, support of all kinds will always be needed in some degree, form or fashion.
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