Learn How to Conjugate Reposer (to Rest) in French

Meaning to rest, the French  reposer  will be a useful addition to your vocabulary. The verb will need to be conjugated, however, if you want to say things such as rested or resting. This lesson will introduce you to the essential conjugations youll need for  reposer. The Basic Conjugations of  Reposer Reposer is a regular -er verb, which means it follows the conjugation pattern of the majority of French verbs. If you have studied words like tomber (to fall), poser  (to put), or any other regular verb that ends in -er, this lesson should be relatively easy. The indicative mood is the best place to begin. This includes the basic present, future, and imperfect past tenses which are used most often in French. The catch is that you need to memorize a new word for every subject pronoun within each tense.   Step one in any conjugation is identifying the verb stem (or radical). For  reposer, that is  repos-. To this, a variety of endings are added that correspond to the subject and the tense. Using the chart, you can find which endings are required. For example,  I am resting is  je repose  while we will rest is  nous reposerons. Present Future Imperfect je repose reposerai reposais tu reposes reposeras reposais il repose reposera reposait nous reposons reposerons reposions vous reposez reposerez reposiez ils reposent reposeront reposaient The Present Participle of  Reposer The  present participle  of regular -er  verbs is very easy to form. All you have to do is add -ant  to the radical. For  reposer,  that produces the word  reposant. Reposer  in the Compound Past Tense Passà © composà © is the French compound past tense and its used frequently, so its very good to know. Forming it is rather easy as well. Begin by conjugating the auxiliary verb  avoir  into the present tense to match the subject. Youll then follow that with the  past participle  reposà ©, which does not change with the subject but does indicate that someone has already rested. For example, I rested is  jai reposà ©Ã‚  and we rested is  nous avons reposà ©. More Simple Conjugations of  Reposer When youre uncertain if the act of resting will take place, you can turn to either  the subjunctive  or  the conditional. The main difference here is that the conditional says the resting will only happen if something else occurs as well. The passà © simple  and  the imperfect subjunctive  are literary tenses. Youll find these almost exclusively in formal writing. Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je repose reposerais reposai reposasse tu reposes reposerais reposas reposasses il repose reposerait reposa repost nous reposions reposerions reposmes reposassions vous reposiez reposeriez repostes reposassiez ils reposent reposeraient reposrent reposassent If you want to tell someone to Rest! or use  reposer  in a similarly assertive statement,  the French imperative  can be used. This is one of those rare times when you dont need the subject pronoun, so simplify it from  tu repose  to  repose. Imperative (tu) repose (nous) reposons (vous) reposez

Business Ethics China, Russia And Indonesia - 1890 Words

Diebold: China, Russia and Indonesia Shane Stoddard BUS 351 Section 503 December 2, 2014 The topic of business ethics is not as concrete as other areas of study. It has various meanings depending on the location of where the study or practice is taking place. An action that someone in America would deem as socially acceptable, ethical behavior, may not be in accordance with the societal norms of another nation. Normally this doesn’t raise too big of a problem with business, as most businesses only operate within a single nation. However, this is an incredibly important concept to those businesses that practice within the global market. Globalization is an excellent way to expand your business, but as we can see with the case of the Securities and Exchange Commission vs. Diebold inc., the ethical barriers between nations may not be so easy to follow. A Discussion of the Pros and Cons of Globalization in Regards to Ethics Globalization is what describes the interconnectedness of the world as a whole. In today’s world we are more connected to other nations and cultures than ever before. We can travel all over the globe for what is usually a reasonable price. With this ability to be connected worldwide, we also have opportunity to expand our business as well our ethical standards to new nations around the globe. Globalization offers many lucrative opportunities in the world of business. One company that could only reach the population of the United States, nowShow MoreRelatedKfc Marketing Plan Essay1816 Words   |  8 Pages1.0 Executive summary The accurate reading of consumers preferences of KFC revealed that healthy eating, animal welfare and ethics are three of the most consumer’ desires KFC are facing today. 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Contributory Negligence Historical and Comparative

Question: Discuss about the Contributory Negligence and Historical and Comparative. Answer: Introduction When the actions of one of the parties results in harm to the other party, it is considered as a tort, which is a civil wrong done. Negligence is one of the tort laws in Australia (Trindade, Cane and Lunney, 2007). Negligence is the failure to fulfill to the duty of care, which results in some kind of harm or damage to the party to which the duty was owed. Negligence fixes the liability on the breaching party, and allows the aggrieved party to recover damages for the harm caused (Turner, 2013). In the following parts, the various aspects of negligence, as are applicable in the case of Anna and Trevor, have been analyzed. Negligence When an individual fails in fulfilling the required care, which they owe to the other person and which in a harm, injury or loss for the other person, then such an individual commits the tort of negligence (Kelly Hammer and Hendy, 2014). The rationale behind negligence is that the people are required to exercise the reasonable care while doing any task, so that their actions do not result in the foreseeable harm. When negligence is established, the aggrieved party has the option of claiming damages, which is in the form of monetary compensation. In order to establish that negligence is present, the essential elements of negligence have to be established. These include the duty of care, the breach of this duty of care and the resultant damages (Abbott, Pendlebury and Wardman, 2007). Duty of Care In order to establish negligence, the first thing which needs to be established is the duty of care. The duty of care is the legal obligation, imposed over the individuals to adhere to the standards of reasonable care which could possibly result in harm, by performance of a certain task (Greene, 2013). This is the first element to establish that negligence took place. In Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] UKHL 100, it was established by the court the Stevenson owed a duty of care, by being the manufacturer of the bottle in which the snail was found, towards any such person who was buying the bottle. And accordingly, Donoghue was able to recover damages for the negligence of Stevenson (Harvey and Marston, 2009). In the given case, Trevor was the operator of the tour and he was the one responsible for ensuring the safety of his clients. This meant that he owed a duty of care towards all those who took the tour. As was seen in the case of Donoghue v Stevenson, the manufacturer owed a duty to its users; in the same manner, the tour operator owed a duty of care to its clients. So, he had to ensure that Breach of Duty Once it is established that defendant owes a duty of care towards the plaintiff, the next step to be established is the breach of this duty of care. When the defendant is aware of the fact, that his actions can result in harm or loss, then such an individual breaches the duty of care. Also, when the defendant fails to consider the possible loss or harm, which a reasonable or prudent person, in similar circumstances would have considered, then such individual breaches the duty of care (Latimer, 2012). In Vaughan v Menlove (1837) 3 Bing NC 467, the haystack of the defendant had caught fire as a result of poor ventilation. The defendant was given a warning on many occasions that there could be fire due to this reason. Later on, the defendant argued that he did not foresee any risk of the dire and that he had used his best judgment. In this case, the court held that this best judgment was not sufficient and he was judged by the standards of a reasonable person and a breach of duty was established (E-Law Resources, 2017a). In the given case, it was the duty of Trevor to take care of the individuals who opted for his tour. And it was his duty to ensure that they do not receive any injury. In his search to find a new location, he left the tour members alone for a long duration. This resulted in the delay in returning, till which time, night had fallen. Near the end of the walk, Anna fell down as she could not see the tree root properly, on which she stumbled. Due to the fault of Trevor, in taking care of his crew members and delaying the tour, Anna was injured. So, there was a breach of duty of care. As was held in case of Vaughan v Menlove, a reasonable person would have taken the necessary care to ensure that the tour members were safe and returned on time. Moreover, being a tour operator, Trevor was aware that such injury may occur, and so the risk was foreseeable. So, there was a clear breach of duty in this case. Damage/Loss/Injury The next essential is that the breach of duty of care must result in a damage, or loss, or injury. When a duty of care is breached, it has to result in a harm or loss for the party to whom the duty was owed. In case there is no loss or harm, or the loss or harm is negligible, then a negligence case cannot be established. So, not only a loss has to be established, but it has to be substantial (Harvey and Marston, 2009). The rationale behind this is that the loss or injury or the harm caused is the amount of damages which the individual can claim in case of negligence. Moreover, by establishing that a harm or loss has been caused, the individuals can also claim damages for the non-pecuniary injuries, for instance the emotional distress. The causation of the loss also has to be established. In other words, it has to be shown that the loss would not have been caused, if the defendant had not breached the duty of care (Gibson and Fraser, 2014). If the loss is too remote and not substantial, then the damages are not awarded, even when negligence has been established. Also, the damages are to be such, as are foreseeable. In Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock and Engineering Co Ltd [1961] UKPC 2, also known as the Wagon Mound case, it was held that the actual cause of fire was too remote. Hence, the defendant was not held liable for the fire damages (Emanuel and Emanuel, 2008). In the given case, the loss was foreseeable. This was because Trevor was aware that at night time, the chances of falling during the trek were higher and this is the reason he avoided taking treks at night time. And in the past, this has resulted in injury to his clients. So, the loss was clearly foreseeable. Also, due to his failure in exercising the duty of care, Anna was injured. Hence, in this case, there was both foreseeability of loss, and loss due to the breach of duty of care, which was significant. Defense- Contributory Negligence The defense which is often cited by the defendants in cases of negligence is contributory negligence (Legal Services Commission, 2016). When an individual fails to apply the necessary duty of care which they owe to themselves, and contribute towards the harm or the loss which resulted as a result of breach of duty of care, and caused negligence, it is the case of contributory negligence (Dongen, 2014). In such cases, the damages which are awarded to the plaintiff are reduced according to their contribution in the losses. In Davies v Swan Motor Co [1949] 2 KB 291, the plaintiff was held liable for damages which resulted as he negligently stood on the lorrys side, and so the amount of damages, which were awarded to him, were accordingly reduced (E-Law Resources, 2017b). In the given case, Anna consumed wine from the bottle of wine which she had brought along with her. Trevor had only given the members of tour, water and sandwiches, and no alcohol was provided by him. Moreover, the other members had refused to consume the wine, when it was offered to them by Anna. Annas intoxication contributed in her injuries, as she was not at her best during the trek and was a bit tipsy. Another thing in Annas case is that Trevor had specifically asked the members to wear sensible shoes and clothing during the trek. But Anna had changed into high heel shoes, which she had brought as backup. In both the cases, Trevor was not aware of the acts of Anna, regarding her alcohol consumption and her change of shoes. Again, Anna contributed towards her injuries. Applying the case of Davies v Swan Motor Co, by drinking on trek, and wearing high heel shoes, which were opposite of what was insisted upon by Trevor, Anna contributed towards her stumbling incident, which resulted in injuries for her. So, at two instances, Anna had contributed to her injuries, in a major way. Being drunk on the trek and not wearing the proper gear, contributed in losing her balance. And so, Anna is guilty of contributory negligence. Remedies When a case of negligence is established, the individual can claim for damages, which is in form of monetary compensation (Statsky, 2011). The amount of compensation usually consists of damages for pecuniary injuries, but as highlighted earlier, if the loss is established properly, an individual can claim losses for the non-pecuniary injuries as well. In the case of Baltic Shipping v Dillon High Court of Australia (1993) 176 CLR 344, a cruise ship sank and the passenger sued for the loss of his belongings, along with the mental distress which resulted due to such loss. Even though the cost of the cruise was not awarded to the plaintiff by the judge, but the defendant was ordered to compensate the plaintiff for the mental distress (Australian Contract Law, 2013). When contributory negligence is established, then as per the Civil Liability Act 2003 (Qld), the damages which are awarded to the plaintiff are reduced to the amount of the contribution of the plaintiff towards the injury, and this amount is decided by the court. Moreover, section 47 of this act states that at the time of the incident which resulted in injury, if the plaintiff was under the influence of alcohol or was intoxicated then the damages awarded to the plaintiff would be reduced by 25% or more, as per the discretion of the court (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2017). In the given case, the negligence of Trevor was established due to the presence of the essential elements of negligence. In other words, Trevor owed a duty of care towards Anna as he took her to the trek and he had to ensure that no harm was caused to her. But, since Anna was injured, there was a breach of duty of care. So, Trevor would have to compensate Anna for the pecuniary losses caused to her. Along with this, Anna could also claim for the mental distress that resulted from the injuries. So, Anna could sue Trevor for the loss that resulted from the injuries, which would be the punitive damages. Since, Anna willfully decided to close her caf, she cannot claim for the loss of 12 months income, as it has no direct linkage with the negligence of Trevor. As established earlier, Anna had contributed towards the injuries and so, the amount of damages awarded to Anna would be reduced accordingly. Since Anna was intoxicated, the amount of damages would be reduced by a minimum of 25%. Moreover, due to her contributory negligence due to wearing high heels, the damages would be further reduced. The amount of damages which would be reduced would depend upon the discretion of the court. Conclusion From the above analysis, it can be concluded that by wandering off to find a new spot, Trevor had breached his duty of care, which he owed towards Anna, being the member of his trekking tour. Moreover, this resulted in the delay of tour to night time, which made it hard to see the tree root, on which Anna stumbled and fell and this injured her knee. So, Anna could claim pecuniary damages for this loss, as well as, for the mental distress. Since Anna had willfully closed the caf to recover damages from Trevor, she cannot claim damages for the loss of income. But, Anna contributed towards her injury and hence, the damages which would be awarded to Anna would be reduced to a certain amount, as decided upon by the court. So, it is advised to Anna to refrain from initiating a case against Trevor as she would not be able to claim damages for the loss of income, and the pecuniary damages would be reduced by the amount of contributory negligence. References Abbott, K., Pendlebury, N., and Wardman, K. (2007) Business law. 8th ed. London: Thompson Learning. Australasian Legal Information Institute. (2017) Civil Liability Act 2003 - Sect 47. [Online] Australasian Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/cla2003161/s47.html [Accessed on: 25/01/17] Australian Contract Law. (2013) Baltic Shipping v Dillon High Court of Australia (1993) 176 CLR 344. [Online] Australian Contract Law. Available from: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/cases/baltic.html [Accessed on: 25/01/17] Dongen, E.V. (2014) Contributory Negligence: A Historical and Comparative Study. Boston: Brill Nijhoff. E-Law Resources. (2017a) Vaughan v Menlove (1837) 3 Bing NC 467. [Online] E-Law Resources. Available from: https://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/Vaughan-v-Menlove.php [Accessed on: 25/01/17] E-Law Resources. (2017b) Davies v Swan Motor Co [1949] 2 KB 291 Court of Appeal. [Online] E-Law Resources. Available from: https://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/Davies-v-Swan-Motor-Co.php [Accessed on: 25/01/17] Emanuel, S., and Emanuel, L. (2008) Torts. New York: Aspen Publishers. Gibson, A., and Fraser, D. (2014) Business Law 2014. 8th ed. Melbourne: Pearson Education Australia. Greene, B. (2013) Course Notes: Tort Law. Oxon: Routledge. Harvey, B., and Marston, J. (2009) Cases and Commentary on Tort. 6th ed. New York: Oxford University Press. Kelly, D., Hammer, R., and Hendy, J. (2014) Business Law. 2nd ed. Oxon: Routledge. Latimer, P. (2012) Australian Business Law 2012. 31st ed. Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Legal Services Commission. (2016) Negligence. [Online] Legal Services Commission. Available from: https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch01s05.php [Accessed on: 25/01/17] Statsky, W.P. (2011) Essentials of Torts. 3rd ed. New York: Cengage Learning. Trindade, F., Cane, P. and Lunney, M. (2007) The law of torts in Australia. 4th ed. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Turner, C. (2013) Unlocking Torts. 3rd ed. Oxon: Routledge.

Steam Methane Reforming free essay sample

Hydrogen is an important chemical in petroleum refining and is manufactured most commonly in the United States by steam methane reforming. | Hydrogen as an industrial chemical is used in petroleum refining and in the synthesis of ammonia and methanol. The two largest industries consuming hydrogen in the United States are petroleum refining and the synthesis of ammonia. The hydrogen needed for refinery operations is produced through either manufacturing or by-product recovery. The largest portion (77%) of industrial hydrogen produced in the United States is manufactured by steam reforming of natural gas. Hydrogen is also produced by steam reforming of naphtha, partial oxidation of oil, coal gasification, and water electrolysis, but these processes together produce a relatively small amount compared to steam reforming of methane. This is, in part, due to steam reforming having the highest thermal efficiency and lowest net production cost of the available processes for producing hydrogen. Steam reforming involves converting light hydrocarbon feeds into synthesis gas by a reaction with steam over a catalyst in a reformer furnace. We will write a custom essay sample on Steam Methane Reforming or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Before entering the steam reformer, the hydrocarbon feeds must be desulfurized by processes tailored to the amount of sulfur to be removed. The mixture of gas and process steam is then introduced into the primary reformer with a nickel–based catalyst where a reversible reaction takes place. The water gas shift reaction step then converts the resulting CO to CO2 and hydrogen. After cooling, the CO2 is scrubbed out of the process and remaining carbon oxides are converted to methane through the use of a methanation catalyst. This produces a typical product of 98. 2% hydrogen. If a higher purity hydrogen is desired, the shifted gas can be purified by pressure-swing adsorption (PSA) instead of CO2 scrubbing and methanation and will result in a purity greater than 99% pure hydrogen. There are environmental concerns related to these processes, and much attention is given to minimizing the environmental impact of hydrogen manufacturing. Attention must be also be paid to the health and safety factors of hydrogen production, and regulations followed for each. The first step in the steam methane reforming process is feed preparation. The light hydrocarbon feeds used range from natural gas to straight run naphthas, all of which contain sulfur that must be removed before they enter the steam reformer. If the hydrocarbon feed contains small amounts of sulfur, the first desulfurization step consists of converting organic sulfur compounds to H2S by passing the feed at about 300-400Â °C over a Co-Mo catalyst in the presence of 2-5% H2. The next step reduces the sulfur level to less than 0. 1 ppmwt by adsorption of H2S over ZnO catalyst. If the feed contains several hundred ppm sulfur or higher, bulk removal of H2S uses solvents such as monoethanolamine prior to the ZnO desulfurization step. The effluent from the Co-Mo reactor must be cooled for bulk removal and reheated for the ZnO purification in this case. Once the feeds have been desulfurized the resulting gas and process steam mixture moves on the reaction section of the process. The reaction of the hydrocarbon feeds and steam over a nickel-based catalyst to produce synthesis gas takes place in a primary reformer furnace. The primary reformer furnace is a direct-fired chamber containing high nickel-alloy tubes arranged in single or multiple rows. The tube alloys are selected according to operating pressure and temperature specifications. The reaction process of hydrogen production is usually operated at 800-870Â °C and 300-400psig. The catalyst is made up of 5-25% nickel as NiO and usually contains potassium to inhibit coke formation from the use of feedstocks such as LPG and naphtha. The NiO is supported on calcium aluminate, alumina, magnesium aluminate, or calcium aluminate titanate. Temperature of the outlet gas is between 800 and 870Â °C and outlet pressures are usually between 300 and 350 psig. The outlet gas composition correlates a 0Â °C to 25Â °C temperature approach to steam-reforming equilibrium. Temperatures of the flue gases exiting the convection section of the furnace reach 980-1040Â °C. Greater efficiency is achieved by reclaiming this heat and using it to heat other process such as the hydrocarbon feed before sulfur removal, the feed mixture entering the radiant section of the furnace, the combustion air for the radiant section burners, and for heating or superheating steam. The primary reformer can achieve up to a 95% conversion of CH4, and this step results in a hydrogen concentration of about 76. 7%. After exiting the primary reformer, the gases enter the shift conversion section for the gas shift reaction step which will convert the CO into CO2 and hydrogen. The reaction begins in the high temperature shift (HTS) reactor at about 370Â ° at the inlet on a chromium-promoted iron oxide catalyst. The gasses are converted and exit the HTS to be cooled to 200-215Â °C before being sent to the low temperature shift (LTS) converter to complete the water gas shift reaction over a copper-zinc oxide catalyst supported on alumina. This step is completed at as low a temperature as possible in order to operate at the most favorable equilibrium constants. The gas is then cooled and the heat recovered for other use. The gas shift reaction step produces gas with a H2 concentration of about 77%. The last steps for low purity hydrogen include the CO2 scrubber and methanation. The CO2 is scrubbed out by hot potassium carbonate or one of several other processes. The gases are then reheated to 315Â °C and passed over a methanation catalyst of nickel on silica to convert the remaining carbon dioxides to methane. CO and CO2 are hydrogenated to CH4 on this catalyst before the outlet gasses are cooled and any entrained water is separated. The result is a hydrogen product with a concentration of about 98. 2% H2. When high purity hydrogen is needed the shifted gas can be purified by pressure-swing adsorption (PSA) instead of the CO2 scrubbing and methanation. Pressure-swing adsorption purification separates the hydrogen gas from the other, larger, molecules by selective adsorption through the use of a molecular sieve. Because hydrogen has a very weak affinity for adsorption, the PSA process produces very pure hydrogen and, with increased adsorption stages, at recoveries up to 90%. This process operates at room temperature in a pressurization-depressurization cycle. The desorption process is endothermic and the adsorption process is exothermic. The adsorption bed is then depressurized and purged with pure hydrogen to accomplish regeneration. The PSA system concentrates to 99% H2 and offers safer, more reliable hydrogen production with efficient heat recovery and reduced production costs in exchange for increased feed requirements and a larger reformer furnace. Large scale production of hydrogen does have environmental impacts. The generation of synthesis gas is the primary area requiring environmental controls. Different processes require different controls, with the methane steam reforming process being the most environmentally friendly. Environmental concerns regarding hydrogen manufacturing can be minimized by using natural gas reforming and recovering hydrogen as a by-product. Concerns for coal feedstocks stem from potential particulate emissions and require careful handling of condensate streams, ash, and slag. Concerns over partial oxidation of heavy liquid hydrocarbons are eased by scrubbing the soot from the raw synthesis gas for recycling or recovery. The potential pollutants produced are less than with coal gasification although the sulfur and condensate treatments are generally similar. The cleanest of the synthesis gas generations is reforming of natural gas or naphtha. The low levels of sulfur in most natural gasses can be removed in a fixed-bed adsorption system. Higher levels of sulfur are treated in solvent adsorption-stripping systems for acid gas removal. Naphtha’s organic sulfur compounds are usually hydro treated and stripped as hydrogen sulfide before residual sulfur is removed in a fixed-bed system similar to use for natural gas before reforming. Process condensate is treated by steam stripping, a process that has become more environmentally conscious in recent years. Hydrogen gas also has health and safety factors that must be considered. While hydrogen gas itself is not toxic, it can cause suffocation by the exclusion of air. Its extreme flammability in oxygen or air presents the largest danger when working with liquid and gaseous hydrogen. Hydrogen is difficult to detect if released, partly due to it being odorless, colorless, and burning with a nearly invisible flame. Hydrogen can be explosive in mixtures with fluorine and has much wider detonation and flammability limits when mixed with air than either gasoline or methane. There are mandatory regulations governing the safe distribution, handling, and use of both liquid and gaseous hydrogen. The steam methane reforming process for producing chemical hydrogen is the most common manufacturing process for hydrogen and is vital to the petroleum refining industry. Steam methane reforming desulfurizes light hydrocarbon feeds and converts them into synthesis gas which is then purified by CO2 scrubbing and methanation or through pressure-swing adsorption purification depending on the level of purity desired. Natural gas or naphtha reform is the most environmentally friendly and cost effective of the processes available to produce hydrogen. The health and safety concerns for hydrogen are mostly due to its flammability in oxygen or air combined with difficulties detecting a hydrogen spill. Large scale hydrogen production can have environmental impacts, but when federal and local regulations are followed the environmental effects are minimized.